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CHAPTER 9: APPROACHES TO AGRICULTURAL MALAYSIA DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA

1. What is the good agriculture practice?

Good agricultural practice (GAP) are specific methods which, when applied to agriculture, create food for consumers or further processing that is safe and wholesome. While there are numerous competing definitions of what methods constitute good agricultural practice there are several broadly accepted schemes that producers can adhere to. The objective of these GAP codes, standards and regulations include, to a varying degree:

• ensuring safety and quality of produce in the food chain
• capturing new market advantages by modifying supply chain governance
• improving natural resources use, workers health and working conditions, and/or
• creating new market opportunities for farmers and exporters in developing countries.

characteristic of Good Agricultural Practice.

How to apply Good Agricultural Practice.

As example, GLOBALG.A.P. today is the world's leading farm assurance program, translating consumer requirements into Good Agricultural Practice in a rapidly growing list of countries . Which are offering 3 main certification products named localg.a.p, GLOBALG.A.P. and GLOBALG.A.P.+ Add-on:

• GLOBALG.A.P. offers 16 standards for 3 scopes: Crops, Livestock, and Aquaculture
• localg.a.p. and GLOBALG.A.P.+ Add-on offer programs for developing customized solutions for our members.

2.ORGANIC FARMING.

Organic farming is a method of crop and livestock production that involves much more than choosing not to use pesticides, fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotics and growth hormones.

Organic production is a holistic system designed to optimize the productivity and fitness of diverse communities within the agro-ecosystem, including soil organisms, plants, livestock and people. The principal goal of organic production is to develop enterprises that are sustainable and harmonious with the environment.

The general principles of organic production, from the Canadian Organic Standards (2006), include the following:

• protect the environment, minimize soil degradation and erosion, decrease pollution, optimize biological productivity and promote a sound state of health
• maintain long-term soil fertility by optimizing conditions for biological activity within the soil
• maintain biological diversity within the system
• recycle materials and resources to the greatest extent possible within the enterprise
• provide attentive care that promotes the health and meets the behavioural needs of livestock
• prepare organic products, emphasizing careful processing, and handling methods in order to maintain the organic integrity and vital qualities of the products at all stages of production
• rely on renewable resources in locally organized agricultural systems

3.ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMME (ETP)

1. 1)      Initiative by the Malaysian government to make Malaysia into high income by year 2020.
2. 2)      Managed by Performance Management and Delivery Unit (PEMANDU).
3. 3)      It is projected that Malaysia will be able to achieve the target set.

NATIONAL KEY ECONOMIC AREAS (NKEA)

1. 1)      The NKEA is the key driver to the success of this program as such as activities have the potential to contribute significantly to the growth of the economy of Malaysia.
2. 2)      131 entry point project (EPP) identified under NKEA.
3. 3)      The economic activities that are categorized as NKEA will be prioritized in government planning and funds will be collected.
4. 4)      The two of them  touch on the agriculture sector : The Palm Oil NKEA and the Agriculture NKEA

 

Palm Oil NKEA
1)      Palm oil related EPPs will focus on stream productivity and downstream expansion.
2)      These EPPs will focus on replanting of aging oil palms, mechanizing plantation, stringently best practice to enhance yields, implementing strict quality control to enhance oil extraction, and developing biogas facilities at palm mills to capture the methane released during milling.

AGRICULTURE NKEA
1)      The Agriculture targets the creation of 74,000 job opportunities and to increase the income of formers by 2 to 4 times.
2)      The largest sources of multiplier effect on the Agriculture NKEA are the Palm Oil and Wholesale and Retail NKEAs, estimated to contribute 37% and 27% respectively.

EPPs under agriculture

EPP 1: unlocking value from Malaysia’s biodiversity through high-value herbal products

EPP 2: Expanding the production of swiftlet nests

EPP 3: Venturing into commercial-scale seaweed farming in Sabah

EPP 4: Farming through integrated cage aquaculture systems

EPP 5: Rearing cattle in oil palm estates

EPP 6: Replicating integrated aquaculture model (IZAQs) to tap the market for premium shrimp.

EPP 7: Upgrading capabilities to produce fruit and vegetable for premium markets.

EPP 8: Strengthening export capabilities of the processed food industry through an integrated processed food park

EPP 9: Introducing fragrant rice variety for non-irrigated areas

EPP 10: Scaling up, and strengthening productivity of paddy farming in the Muda area

EPP 11: Scaling up, strengthening paddy farming productivity in other areas

EPP 12: Strengthening current anchor companies in cattle feedlots

EPP 13: Partnering with a large foreign dairy company to establish dairy clusters

EPP 14: Establishing a leadership position in regional breeding services

EPP 15: Securing foreign direct investment in agriculture biotechnology

EPP 16: Investing in a foreign cattle farming company

CHAPTER 8: Agriculture and the Malaysian Economy

Agricultural Employment

Issues and challenges

-Improving productivity within the agriculture sector depends on a range of mechanisms and underlying influences including new knowledge or technology, better organization of production and the more efficient utilization of land and labor.

Contribution of agricultural to the gross domestic product (GDP)

Agricultural in Malaysia is characterized by a dualistic system where the plantation sector exists side by side with the smallholder sectors.

Sample of crops:

- Now, it is systematics, using modern technology and hired labor.

Rubber, oil palm, coconut, pineapples and tea are planted.

Chapter 7 : Innovation and Challenges in Malaysia Agriculture

Technological Innovation From Research Institutes

# Government Bodies

                                                 

                                           

MPOB - Malaysian Palm Oil Board    

MARDI - Malaysian Agricultural Reseach & Development Institute

MRB - Malaysian Rubber Board 

MCB - Malaysian Cocoa Board

# Private Sector

- Boustead Holding Berhad, Golden Hope, Federal Land & Development Authority, Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad, Sime Darby, Guthrie, IOI, United Plantation Bhd, FELCRA (Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority) and etc.

# Universities

University Putra Malaysia
University Malaysia Sabah
University Kebangsaan Malaysia
University of Malaya
University Malaysia Sabah

RESEARCH IN :

1) Oil Palm

2) Rubber

3) Cocoa

4) Paddy

5) Livestock

6) Fisheries

7) Fruits, Flowers and vegetables

8) Bio agents

9) Precision Agriculture

                                           1) Oil Palm

• from West Africa to the Bogor Botanical Gardens, Indonesia in 1848.
• to improve the yield of oil palm.
• use Hybrid DURA x PESIFERA = TENERA
• research group from Applied Agricultural Resources Sdn. Bhd (KL Kepong Group)
• developing : a) Dummy.Yamgambi.AVROS semi-dwarf oil palm hybrid variety                           b)potential high yield clone from tissue culture

   

• palm oil mill effluent > organic fertilizer
• AJIB - Oil palm fertilizer
• AJIB is crystalline water soluble fertilizer fortified with Enzyme Activators specially formulated to enhance the pollen viability and formation of female flowers (bunches) for oil palm. 

ADVANTAGES OF AJIB

1. increase plant enzyme activities
2. increase farmers' income
3. increase pollen viability
4. increase oil extraction ration (O.E.R)

2) Rubber

• The Malaysian Rubber Board (MRB)
• developed high yield and disease resistant clones producing >3,500kg rubber ha-1 yr1
• new innovation in rubber tapping                                                   a) puncture tapping or microtapping                                             - increased production of latex                                             - produce yields with hormonal stimulation (Ethral)                  compare to conventional excision tapping.                      b) Latex-Timber Clone (LTC)                                                        - different clones (eg: RRIM928, RRIM929)                                        - trunk harvested for timber industry                                                    - vitamin E has also been extracted from the latex.
• current production is sustained at 750,000 million tonnes yr1.

3) Cocoa

• import from Indonesia to fulfill the requirement of the many processing factories.
• 2002 - Addition of biotechnology division of Malaysian Cocoa Board
• aim - to implement research and development in cocoa biotechnology as well as to provide services to the entire cocoa industry
• cocoa biotechnology research : a) agrobiotechnology to improve productivity and production efficiency b) biotechnology enhanced - quality of cocoa products with respect to safety and health c) industrial and pharmaceutical biotechnology to obtain new products such as useful bioactive compound, associated microbes in the cocoa environment, cocoa waste and etc.

4) Paddy

• achieves ONLY 70 % self-sufficient in rice.
• major production centres (rice bowls) MADA (Kedah-Perlis), KADA (Kelantan), and Sawah Sempadan-Tanjung Karang (Selangor).
• Government aims to raise the yield to 10 ton ha-1 with the use of new technology.
• popular varieties :MR220, MR219, MR211, MR81.
• Malaysia will strive to achive 90% self-sufficient leve (SSL) in the near future.
• Vita-grow - paddy fertilizer                                                                               a) a foliar fertilizer developed by UPM that contains complete and balanced plant nutrients that enhances growth of paddy, fruits, vegetable and etc.                                                                         b) specially formulated chemical fertilizer.                                         c) successful in doubling paddy yield and producing better.
• Zappa - UPM product that enhances rapid germination and tillering.    

5) Livestock

• grow at the rate of 3.1% per annum from RM 953million in 1995 to RM 1.1 billion in 2000.
• integration of livestock rearing in oil palm plantations.
• reducing management cost.
• land development agencies - FELDA, RISDA, FELCRA.
• Hybridization : new breed of beef cattle named BRAHMAS, a cross-breed between imported Brahman and local Kedah-Kelantan breed.
• more resistant to diseases.

• Buffaloes are also now selected for meat purposes.
• a sheep named Malin, a cross between Australian and Indonesian breeds was also developed to increase local supply of mutton.
• the Boer goats, a South African breed, are also being raised in large numbers for the same purposes.

Poultry Industry also in advanced where they are able to produce broilers and eggs to meet.

+ fowl pox and the Newcastle disease vaccines designed at UPM and now marketed internationally.

+ researches on deer and ostrich have been undertaken by UPM and MARDI to provide alternative meat resources.

                                                                       6) Fisheries

• Aquaculture is cultivation of natural produce of water such as fish, shellfish, algae and other aquatic organisms.
• It also known as aquafarming, the term is distinguished from fishing by the idea of active human effort.
•  The government is encouraging locals to adopt aquaculture by constructing ponds and raising fishes in net cages in rivers, lakes and sea shores.
• A rapid detection kit has been developed to detect white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) disease in prawns.

                                                     7) Fruits, Flowers and Vegetables

• Research has been conducted to improve commercial production of banana, pineapple, papaya, starfruits, mango, durian, watermelon, jackfruits, rambutan, and ciku.
• Flowers such as orchids is a growing industry.
• Mushroom which are strictly fungi but considered as ‘vegetables’ is a growing industry in Malaysia.

                                                                     8) Bioagents

•  Innovations using biological organisms van be found in the form of biofertillizers such as Rhizobium and biocontrol agents.
• UPM has formulated naturally occurring antagonistic fungi, effective against diseases of vegetables.

                                                            

                                                            9) Precision Agriculture

• This is a new innovation in agriculture. It also known as ‘site specific management’.
• This approach has initially attracted the interest of the plantation sector.
•  It is being practised partly in oil palm and paddy growing areas.

 FUTURE CHALLENGERS IN AGRICULTURE

            There are several challenges now facing the agriculture industry:

1.            Labour

•    There are dependence of foreign labour with some estates employing 100% foreigners particularly those from Indonesia and Philippines.
•        Cost of labour has been rising steadily.
•       Local youths are less interested in agriculture, preferring to work in factories and offices.

          2.             Price

•          Increase in the price of fertilizers, seeds, tools, and equipment has effeted the cost of agriculture production.
•       Market price is also elastic and problematic at the times.

          3.            Crop Choice

•          Big conglomerates are not interested in agriculture other than planting oil palm and rubber.

           4.          Agricultural Technology

•          The benefit from prospecting and developing the potential and applications of new and frontier technology are not yet to be realized.

a)  The use of plant cell and tissue culture techniques as well as genetic engineering to complement conventional plant breeding in developing new crop varieties.

b)    The use of plant cell culture to enhance the development of new and innovative products including metabolites.

c)     The application of embryo manipulation technology

d)  The incorporation of robotics and artificial intelligence as well as computer modelling, including expert systems and computer simulated scenario analysis.

             5.          Resources

•          Resources have to be carefully managed in order that agriculture could be sustained.
•     The main challenges in the future is to enable continuous crop production with high yield per unit areas.
•      Land development will slowly encroach into fragile soils, especially peat and steep lands.
•      This result in soil degradation.
•     Water resources management is also an important issues as only 21% of the country heavy rainfall is being used currently.